Right Wrongs

On May 27, 1967, Australians voted in a referendum to change how Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people were referred to in the Constitution. Explore these personal stories, opinions and historical recordings of what happened.

PHOTO: Aunty Celia Smith and Granny Monsell campaigning, Brisbane, 1967 (June Bond Collection, AIATSIS)

Advice: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander viewers are advised that this website contains images and voices of people who have died.

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Chapter 1Controlled but not counted

What was life like for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities before the vote?

A group of farm workers with bales of wool in front of the Artimore Station woolshed with an Aboriginal man in the centre. PHOTO: Artimore Station (State Library of South Australia)

"Blackfellas jokingly say that we weren't considered people so we must be part of the flora and fauna act, but that's not even true. The fact is that we didn't exist at all."  

Vernon Ah Kee

Flora and fauna

Vernon Ah Kee

"Aborigines not to be counted in reckoning population."

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Out of bounds

Sam Watson

"Mounted police used to use their bullwhips to drive blacks out of that area on dusk."

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Loss of language

Fanny Cochrane Smith

Speaking Indigenous languages was banned or discouraged by state governments, missions and schools.

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No consorting

Jimmy Edgar

"All of a sudden the people of Broome themselves just pulled it down, all these partitions, and everybody came in."

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Police: A law unto themselves

Peter Rice

"I remember one young kid, about 17, had his arm broken by a policeman. It was no fault of his own at all."

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Colour coding

Roy Barker

"You had your noses measured with a set of callipers, your lips and your eyes, the colour of your eyes and so forth."

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Health inequality

Mary Bennett

"It is dreadful to see these old people, incapacitated people, and unemployed workers, suffering hunger and refused relief, and falling ill through exposure."

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Schooling

Richard Kanari reads Eric Api's letter

"We really like good pictures so thank you. The children here will be looking at the pictures of Jesus."

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Hidden away

Bruce Pascoe

"Someone in the past decided they were white enough to get away with it, so they hid. Who can blame them? Seventy years ago that was the safest way."

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Wards of the state

James Keeffe

"Two little girls were in this dungeon. There was a window high on the wall, a dirty old mattress, a plastic bucket for toilet facilities and virtually no ventilation."

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Dog licence

Aunty Dorrie Moore

"It was a licence that stripped us of our culture, our language, our family."

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Chapter 2Fighting for change

Across Australia, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people were finding their voices and standing up for their basic human rights. 

 "We're not fighting to take over the country, we're fighting to be equal."

Aunty Lorraine Brown

Day of Mourning

Alick Jackomos

"We, the Aborigines of Australia, hereby make protest against the callous treatment of our people by the white man over the past 150 years." Day of Mourning Poster

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The Indigenous diggers’ fight for recognition

Uncle Harry Allie and Linda Boney

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men and women served proudly in the defence forces.

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Pilbara strike

Daisy Bindi

"We just want to be treated like human beings, not cattle."

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Becoming an activist

Chicka Dixon

"In those days the big thing was a petition to the King of England or a petition to the Premier or the Prime Minister. They wouldn't dream of street struggle."

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Atomic testing fallout

Yami Lester

"That day we seen this quite black smoke, oily and shiny coming across from the south ... the old people knew what it was."

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Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders (FCAATSI)

"Those of us that took up the cudgels in the late 20s, early 30s were more or less in isolation, you see? But with the formation of FCAATSI ... we were more or less able to make more headway and make our presence felt nationally." Joe McGinness

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Freedom Rides

Lyall Munro Jnr

"This bus arrived on the mission and then they said, 'Let's go to the swimming pool'."

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Wave Hill walk-off

Vincent Lingiari

"I came down here to ask this Parliament here for land rights."

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Union support

Aunty Lorraine Brown

"It was good to have the union men with the Aboriginal people during the years of protest, because they helped to protect us from the police."

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The red port

Linda McBride-Yuke

"My parents would drive all over south-east Queensland during the 1960s ... supporting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people to not only register with the Electoral Commission but also exercise their right to vote."

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The right to vote

Aunty Joyce Summers

"In the early 60s when I went with my next-door neighbour to cast a vote in Queensland I was not allowed to vote."

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How to be a good citizen

WA Department of Native Welfare

"This booklet will tell you what these new laws mean and how you can use them as good citizens."

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Chapter 3An extraordinary vote

Passionate campaigning and activism led to the Australian Government finally calling a referendum.

Aboriginal men gathered around a table set up outdoors for unofficial census taking, Ernabella PHOTO: Unofficial census taking, Ernabella, 1967 (Winifred Hilliard Collection, AIATSIS)

The vote required a simple yes or no response.

A gallery of ephemera from before, during and after the campaign.

An archival news article about the proposed laws for the referendum Referendums on the Proposed Laws (Constitution Alteration—Parliament & Aboriginals) poster. Commonwealth Electoral Office ©Commonwealth of Australia 1967 (Records of the Aboriginal Publications Foundation, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies)

A yes vote supported the removal of sections of the Constitution so:

  • • Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people would be counted in the official figures collected in the census
  • • The Federal Government would be responsible for making laws for Indigenous people.

Brooke Boney and Bridget Brennan take a look at the results.

90.77 per cent of votes said YES to change the Constitution. It is the highest YES vote ever recorded in a Federal referendum.

Chapter 4The legacy

What has changed and what has stayed the same?

"The victory of the 1967 referendum was not a change of white attitudes. The real victory was the spirit of hope and optimism which affected blacks all over Australia. We had won something … we were visible, hopeful and vocal."

Oodgeroo Noonuccal (Kath Walker)

Mabo: Native title

Hannah Duncan

"The referendum allowed, to a point, to recognise the Indigenous people."

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Aboriginal Medical Service

Gary Foley

"This organisation services the entire New South Wales area, plus we also bring in people from the Northern Territory."

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Voting towards reconciliation

Aunty Millie Ingram

"We’re not even equal when we’re born, but we’re equal when we vote and we’re equal when we die and that’s about the only times."

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Getting an education

Michael Aird

"They opened the opportunities for younger Aboriginal people like me to just walk into a university and actually get a position."

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Fighting for fair housing

Dixon family

"This was our way of life and the only thing we knew, tin shacks and tents, until that house was built for us."

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Getting a fair wage

Janis Ah Chee and Carly Wallace

"My athe [grandfather] was a pearl diver in the Torres Strait and then he built the train tracks through to Broome. He got no money for that, and to this day they're still trying to claim for the right pay."

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The intervention

Que Kenny

"They thought they knew everything, they thought they knew the solution. It's been nine years and nothing has changed."

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Community controlled services

Ken Colbung

"When you've got medical problems, you've also got legal problems and you've got welfare problems, so you need to have them under the one roof."

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Generations of stolen children

Becky Curtis and Sandra Kitching

"No-one really spoke about it. We've had it on our minds for 60 years."

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Hindmarsh Island Bridge case

Lilon Bandler

"I think it was seen as a betrayal not only of trust but of an obligation and a responsibility that the Federal Government now held."

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Chapter 5Reflections
50 Years on

In 2017 we invited Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people to share hopes and visions for the future

Aboriginal elder Uncle Talghum Choco Edwards at a protest march PHOTO: Aboriginal elder, Uncle Talglum 'Choco' Edwards at a protest in Melbourne

"There's not one issue, but maybe at the crux of all of these issues is self-determination, our right to govern our own lives."

Nayuka Gorrie

Dissecting the debate

Celeste Liddle

"The Government must consult, negotiate, make reparations and educate the public so the atrocities of yesteryear are not doomed to repeat themselves time and time again."

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Soundtrack of change

A.B. Original ft. Dan Sultan - January 26 (live on triple j)

“You can call it what you want, but it just don't mean a thing. No, it just don't mean a thing.”

Warning: this video contains strong language.

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Black millennials

Nayuka Gorrie

"It's a balance between listening to our elders' wisdom but also being able to back yourself."

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The digital voices

Luke Pearson

“Social media has helped us go from having a select few individuals in the public sphere who are invited to speak on all of our behalves in the national media to having thousands of social commentators, each able to reflect their own views and opinions on issues that affect us.”

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Elected representatives

Linda Burney and Ken Wyatt

"One of the main roles I've taken on within the Parliament is progressing constitutional recognition."

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Now and Then: Box Ridge

Bill Drew

"Fifty years later I believe we should have a sovereignty or treaty of some sort."

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Helping young people heal

Uncle Ossie Cruse

"Its major purpose is to get young people away from drugs and alcohol and stuff that is life destroying for them."

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Unfinished Business

Mark Yettica‐Paulson

"My teenage kids are saying to me – 'don’t stuff this up'."

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Revitalisation of language

"School language programs are having great results, making kids go, 'Wow, we've got something to be proud of here'." Faith Baisden

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Everything you need to know about the Voice to Parliament

What is the Indigenous Voice to Parliament and why are we all voting to change the Constitution? Our political reporter, Dana Morse, takes a deep dive into everything you need to know about the Voice.

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The Voice to Parliament referendum

See the latest news, understand and follow the discussion around the Indigenous Voice to Parliament.

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An archival clipping of a newsletter article depicting Aboriginal men walking with a placard that says 'ask us what we want' PHOTO: Rights and Advancement (La Trobe Collection, State Library Victoria)

Right Wrongs was created and produced by
the ABC, NSLA and AIATSIS

  • Australian Broadcasting Corporation logo
  • National and State Libraries Australasia logo
  • Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander Studies logo
Aboriginal protestors with placards about equal rights PHOTO: Demonstration supporting a referendum to alter the constitution, Parliament House, 30 November 1965 (Chicka Dixon Collection, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies)

Credits

Executive Producers

Solua Middleton, Yale MacGillivray

Senior Video Editor and Motion Graphics

Dan Battley

Story Producer/Editors

A.B. Original, Sarah Abbott, Dan Battley, Larissa Behrendt, Beyond Empathy, Caddie Brain, Brooke Boney, Bridget Brennan, Daniel Browning, Liv Casben, Andrew Del Vecchio, David Dixon, Trevor Dodds, Marc Eiden, Nayuka Gorrie, Stan Grant, Fiona Gruber, Spencer Howson, Charmaine Ingram, Sarah Kanowski, Chris Lewis, Jeff Licence, Celeste Liddle, Linda McBride-Yuke, Catherine Marciniak, Yale MacGillivray, Solua Middleton, Moree East Public School students, Vanessa Milton, Dana Morse, Brendan Mounter, Sean O'Brien, Gemma Parsons, Bruce Pascoe, Luke Pearson, Bronwyn Purvis, Keri Philips, Sadadeen Primary School, Aunty Joyce Summers, Susan Standen, Suzi Taylor, Ben Tupas, Mark Yettica‐Paulson, Renee Williamson, Jacqueline Wright

ABC Executive Producers

Scott Gamble, Bronwyn Purvis

Editor, ABC Radio Indigenous Unit

Lorena Allam

Editor, RN

Alex McClintock

Content Strategist and Copywriter

Amanda Collier

Senior Planning Producer, ABC News

Emma Pearce

Research

Jane Curtis, Gabrielle Dorn, Nathan Morris, Susan Standen, John Williams

Sound Engineer

Mark Don

Sub Editors

Jen King, Kate Webber, Kerri Kapernick, Adam Connors, Terri-Anne Kingsley, Rosanna Ryan

Website design and development

Forde + Nicol

ABC Technology

David Kennedy, Colin James Smith, Adam Jesson, Gerry Neutstatl

2023 Update

Dom D'Souza

Additional Footage

Michael Aird, Hartley Briggs, Margaret Burin, Lyn Gallacher, Nick Haggarty, Daniel Hirst, Roi Huberman, Michael Aird, Hartley Briggs, Margaret Burin, Lyn Gallacher, Nick Haggarty, Daniel Hirst, Roi Huberman, David Kennedy, Koori Arts Collective Ltd, Damien Larkins, Candice Marshall, Gail Mabo, Leon Mead, Michael Nudl, Kylie Rollins, Jeremy Story Carter, Sue Taffe, Emma Wynne, Toni Houston, Bauer Media Pty Limited/ The Australian Women’s Weekly, Sydney Morning Herald/ Fairfax Syndication, Where 50 aborigines live in squalor four miles from thriving Bega/ Robert Blanchard/The Canberra Times/ Fairfax Syndication, A new home for the Dixons/The Canberra Times/ Fairfax Syndication, A good citizen who needs a mate/ The Canberra Times/ Fairfax Syndication, Ngarrindjeri women image/ Russell Millard/ Newspix, Davis Daniels image/ News Ltd/ Newspix, Protest move aroused Alice/ Centralian Advocate/ News Ltd, Referendum Vote Protest March/ Centralian Advocate/ News Ltd), Counting of Heads/ James Frederick Bowditch/ NT News/ News Ltd, Tim Pass, Jess Hallay, Simon Armstrong-Bunker, Kevin Croll

Thank you to

A.B. Original, Dan Sultan, Uncle Harry Allie, Ara Irititja Project, Michael Aird, Janis Ah Chee, Vernon Ah Kee, Alice Springs Public Library, Simon Armstrong-Bunker, Australian War Memorial, Faith Baisden, Dr Lilon Bandler, Carolyn Barker, Linda Boney, Kylie Boyd, Aunty Lorraine Brown, Bogal Local Aboriginal Council, Bond University, Box Ridge community, Linda Burney, Kevin Croll, Jane Connors, Coomaditchie United Aboriginal Corporation - Home, Esandra Colbung, Ann Curthoys, John Dallwitz, Maureen Davis, Winsome Denyer, Aunty Colleen Dixon, Aunty Glenda Dixon, David Dixon, Bill Drew, Hannah Duncan, Monika Dvorakova, Jimmy Edgar, Ted Egan, Wesley Enoch, First Languages Australia, Harrison George, Kent Gordon, Helen Grasswill, Maisie Harkin, Catherine Howard, the Family of Ruby Hunter, Aunty Millie Ingram, Richard Kanari, Que Kenny, Phillip Kwok, Yami Lester, Kathy Lowah, Gail Mabo and Family, Michael Mansell, Kelrick Martin, Karen Michelmore, Dr Patricia Miller, Aunty Doris Moore, Natasha Marfutenko, Rhianna Patrick, Philippa Quinn, Margaret Ross, Chris Scaddan, Sydney Festival, Sarah Tomlinson, Rowdie Walden, Carly Wallace, Tina Walsberger, Sam Watson, Alice Woods, Ken Wyatt, University of Technology Sydney, Sarah Yu, Galarrwuy Yunupingu, Monika Dvora, Maisie Harkin (nee Bilson), Esandra Colbung, Lynnette Solomon-Dent, Dr Doris Paton and Hollie Johnson, Paul Carmody, Geoff Anderson, Bianca McNeair, Nykita McNeair, Irra Wangga Language Centre, Rosie Sitorus

NSLA Indigenous Working Group Project Managers

Elizabeth Spencer, Damien Webb

National and State Libraries Australasia

Gavin Bannerman, Maxine Briggs, Jo Ritale, Kirsten Thorpe, Ronald Briggs, Margy Burn, Shelly Grant, Mark Gilbert, Amanda Hayman, Antoinette Buchanan, Ross Latham, John Morseu, Shannon Sutton, Yanti Ropeyarn, Suzy Russell, Damien Webb, Samantha Wells, Emma Reilly, Kate Irvine, Theresa Archer, Susanna Iuliano, Barbara Lemon, Sarah McQuade, Kerry Blinco, Paul Diamond

AIATSIS

Thomas Allen, Daryl Ciubal, Dr Charlotte Craw, Eleanor Galvin, Emily Hanlon, Alana Harris, Daniel Hoyt, Jacob O’Keefe, Lyndall Osborne, Hannah Shaw, Kylie Simpson, Donald Sinclair, Dr Blake Singley.

NSLA & AIATSIS Rights Notes

In the process of selecting material for this digital exhibition NSLA and AIATSIS tried to identify and contact all copyright holders as well as where appropriate seek cultural permissions.

Where we could not identify or contact copyright holders NSLA and AIATSIS agreed to digitise and publish material for this website in the public spirit with which the works were originally created.

For a full list of all archive material please view the Right Wrongs bibliography

Discover more stories about the 1967 Referendum

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For more information about this digital feature, the content and the Right Wrongs project itself, please contact:

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